They study pathology, medical ethics, and laws that go______ (适用于，指导) medicine.

() deals with the chemical and physical properties, action, mechanisms of action, biotransformation, side effects, clinical uses and contraindications of drugs. A: Pharmacology B: Physiology C: Pharmaceutical analysis D: Pharmaceutics E: Pathology

A doctor may diagnose CWP or silicosis based on the combination of an appropriate history of exposure to coal mine dust or silica, compatible changes in chest imaging or lung pathology, and absence of plausible alternative diagnoses.

中国大学MOOC: A 41-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, dizziness, and sharp chest pain. As shown in the following figure, the abnormal area in his chest radiograph indicates the region of pathology. What is this structure?【图片】

病理学(Pathology)：一门医学基础学科，研究、、（形态、代谢和功能变化），从而认识疾病的本质和发生发展规律，为防病治病提供理论基础和实践依据

A doctor may diagnose CWP or silicosis based on the combination of an appropriate history of exposure to coal mine dust or silica, compatible changes in chest imaging or lung pathology, and absence of plausible alternative diagnoses. A: 正确 B: 错误

A 41-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, dizziness, and sharp chest pain. As shown in the following figure, the abnormal area in his chest radiograph indicates the region of pathology. What is this structure?[img=779x879]1803481875206fd.png[/img] A: Superior vena cava B: Right ventricle C: Left ventricle D: Arch of the aorta

A 41-year-old man is admitted to the emergency department with complaints of shortness of breath, dizziness, and sharp chest pain. As shown in the following figure, the abnormal area in his chest radiograph indicates the region of pathology. What is this structure?[img=779x879]18030c08034d883.png[/img] A: Superior vena cava B: Right ventricle C: Left ventricle D: Arch of the aorta E: Pulmonary artery

Read the following passage and then do the exercises (multiple choice) given below. Objectives relating to knowledge Graduates completing basic medical education should have knowledge of the following areas: 1. Scientific method relevant to biological, behavioural and social sciences at a level sufficient to understand the basis for present medical practice, and to assimilate the advances in knowledge that will occur over their working life. 2. The normal structure, function and development of the human body and mind at all stages of life, the interactions between body and mind, and the factors that may disturb these. 3. The etiology, pathology, symptoms and signs, natural history, and prognosis of common mental and physical ailments in children, adolescents, adults and the aged. (Graduates should have a detailed knowledge of the conditions that require urgent treatment and those that are of particular local significance.) 4. Common diagnostic procedures, their uses and limitations. 5. Management of common conditions including pharmacological, physical, nutritional and psychological therapies. 6. Normal pregnancy and childbirth, the more common obstetrical emergencies, the principles of antenatal and postnatal care, and medical aspects of family planning. 7. The principles of health education, disease prevention, amelioration of suffering and disability, rehabilitation, and the care of the dying. 8. Cultural and social factors affecting human relationships, the psychological well-being of patients and their families, and the interactions between humans and their social and physical environment. 9. Systems of provision of health care including their advantages and limitations, the costs associated with health care, the principles of efficient and equitable allocation of finite resources, and methods of meeting the health care needs of disadvantaged groups within the community. 10. The principles of ethics that relate to health care and the legal responsibilities of the medical profession. Objectives relating to skills Graduates completing basic medical education should have developed the following skills to an appropriate level for their stage of training: 1. The ability to take a tactful, accurate, organized and problem-focused medical history. 2. The ability to perform an accurate physical and mental state examination. 3. The ability to choose the appropriate and practical clinical skills to apply in a given situation. 4. The ability to interpret and integrate the history and physical examination findings to arrive at an appropriate diagnosis or differential diagnosis. 5. The ability to select the most appropriate and cost-effective diagnostic procedures. 6. The ability to formulate a management plan, and to plan management in concert with the patient. 7. The ability to communicate clearly, considerately and sensitively with patients, relatives, doctors, nurses, other health professionals and the community. 8. The ability to counsel sensitively and effectively, and to provide information in a manner that ensures patients and families can be truly informed when consenting to any procedure. 9. The ability to recognize serious illness and to perform common emergency and life-saving procedures such as caring for the unconscious patient and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. 10. The ability to interpret medical evidence in a critical and scientific manner, and to use libraries and other information resources to pursue independent inquiry relating to medical problems. Objectives relating to attitudes as they affect professional behaviour During basic medical education, students should acquire the following professional attitudes, which are regarded as fundamental to medical practice: 1. Respect for every human being, with an appreciation of the diversity of human background and cultural values. 2. An appreciation of the complexity of ethical issues related to human life and death including the allocation of scarce resources. 3. A desire to ease pain and suffering. 4. An awareness of the need to communicate with patients and their families, and to involve them fully in planning management of their condition. 5. A desire to achieve the optimal patient care for the least cost to allow maximum benefit from the available resources. 6. Recognition that the health interests of the patient and the community are paramount. 7. A willingness to work effectively in a team with other health care professionals. 8. An appreciation of the responsibility to maintain standards of medical practice at the highest possible level throughout a professional career. 9. An appreciation of the need to recognize when a clinical problem exceeds their capacity to deal with it safely and efficiently and of the need to refer the patient for help from others when this occurs. 10. A realization that it is not always in the interests of patients or their families to do everything which is technically possible to make a precise diagnosis or to attempt to modify the course of an illness. From World Health Organization Western Pacific Region(2001), WHO Guidelines for Quality Assurance of Basic Medical Education in the Western Pacific Region a)According to the passage medical education quality system may including all of the following aspects of competences but __________.

Traditional Chinese medicine 1 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is built on a foundation of more than 2,500 years of Chinese medical practice. It includes various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage, exercises, and dietary therapy, and is recently also informed by modern Western medicine. TCM is widely used in China, and is becoming increasingly available in other countries around the world. Doctrines 2 The doctrines of traditional Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon [1]and Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases[2], as well as in cosmological notions such as yin and yang[3] and the five phases[4]. In recent decades, attempts have been made to integrate these doctrines with modern notions of anatomy and pathology and a systematized form of TCM has been developed and promoted by the Chinese government. 3 TCM holds that the body’s vital energy (qi) circulates through channels and collaterals (jingluo) which have branches connected to bodily organs and functions. TCM’s view of the human body is only marginally concerned with anatomical structures, but focuses primarily on the body's functions, such as digestion, breathing, temperature maintenance, aging etc. While health is perceived as the harmonious interaction of different functional entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as disharmony in the interaction. Diagnosis in TCM aims to trace symptoms to underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of a person, and the like. Chinese medication 4 The major prescription in Chinese medicine is one batch of “herbal medicine” prepared as a decoction. In fact, “herbal medicine” is somewhat misleading in that, while plant elements are by far the most commonly used substances in TCM, many non-botanic substances are also utilized, including mineral substances and animal and human body parts. Thus, the term “medicinal” is usually preferred. Roughly 13,000 medicinals are being used in China and over 100,000 recipes are recorded in the ancient books of TCM. As is mentioned before, botanic elements play a major role of medicinals. Traditional Chinese therapies 5 Besides drug therapies, many other kinds of medical therapies are used in TCM. Acupuncture is used in traditional Chinese treatment to influence the flow of qi, which is believed to be a vital force that flows through our body. It is often accompanied by moxibustion which involves burning dried mugwort leaves on or near the skin at an acupuncture point. Another type of therapy used in Chinese medicine is cupping, in which several glass "cups" are placed on the body. A match is lit and placed inside the cup and then removed before placing the cup against the skin. As the air in the cup is heated, it expands and then cools, creating lower pressure inside the cup that allows the cup to stick to the skin via suction. Still another Chinese therapy is guasha, in which the skin is abraded with pieces of smooth jade, animal tusks or homs or smooth stones until red spots occur. 6 Food therapy, also called nutrition therapy or dietary therapy, is a mode of dieting rooted in traditional Chinese medicine and beliefs concerning the effects of food on the human organism. Its basic concepts are a mix of Chinese folk views of eating in moderation and some viewpoints drawn from traditional Chinese medicine. Different foods are classified into two categories-yin and yang, and they are recommended to be consumed in a balanced fashion. Food therapy has long been a common approach to maintaining health among Chinese people, and has been popularized overseas in recent years. Spread of TCM 7 Traditional physicians, who also receive some Western medical training, are still primary caregivers in some parts of rural China. Various traditional preventative and self-healing techniques such as qigong, which combines gentle exercise and meditation, are widely practised as an adjunct to professional health care in China. 8 There are some efforts around the world to incorporate TCM into public health systems. The US National Institute of Health (NIH) noted that, “Acupuncture has the largest body of evidence and is considered safe if practiced correctly.” In the academic field, however, most scientific publications require that studies of traditional Chinese medicine follow the same methodological framework as studies of Western medicine. This rule gives primacy to Western approaches to medicine. Consequently, TCM is no longer independent, but is viewed within the context of Western medicine. TCM has come to be viewed by the mainstream medic community as complementary rather than the primary paradigm. This role negates the concept of TCM, which is holistic in nature and takes account of more signs and symptoms, both somatic and psychic than Western medicine. 9 Recently, however, Yale researchers brought some good news to TCM. They found that huangqin tang, a Chinese herb mixture, is effective at reducing chemotherapy's side effects, including diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. Phase II clinical trials for the herb mixture are being funded by the NIH's National Cancer Institute. It exemplifies that TOM has the potential to go mainstream. [1] Yellow Emperor's inner Canon(《黄帝内经》 s the earliest written work about traditional chi medicine It was compiled during the Warring States Period and is regarded as the fundame doctnnal source of traditional Chinese medicine [2] Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases《伤寒杂病论》) s a Chinese medical treaties by Zhang Zhongjing at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. [3] Yin and yang (阴阳), in Chinese philosophy, describe how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and they interrelate to one another. [4] Five phases（五行），sometimes also translated as the five elements theory, presumes that the five elements-- wood (木), fire (火), earth (土), metal (金),and water (水)---are the foundation of everything in the universe.